The Exclusionary Politics of Digital Financial Inclusion: Mobile Money, Gendered Walls by Serena Natile

Author:Serena Natile [Natile, Serena]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780429609299
Google: ItuTzgEACAAJ
Goodreads: 53009449
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2020-01-20T00:00:00+00:00

1 UN Data Kenya http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=kenya#Economic (accessed 20 August 2016).

2 According to the World Bank, the population living below the national poverty line is 36.1 per cent, http://data.worldbank.org/country/kenya (accessed 8 August 2019).

3 Jomo Kenyatta was a Kikuyu, one of Kenya’s largest ethnic groups. The Mau Mau movement that fought for Kenya’s independence from Britain, consisted largely of Kikuyu (Berman and Lonsdale 1992).

4 This information also emerged consistently in focus groups conducted in Nairobi at Kawangware, 28 November 2012 and 2 December 2012, and Ngando, 8 and 9 December 2012.

5 Home banking refers to money kept hidden at home, for instance in a small tin box or under a mattress. This method of saving is considered accessible and inexpensive, and does not involve the need to maintain a balance or pay maintenance fees, but the money is subject to theft or damage and can create controversy in the household. Money-guards are individuals, often female, who are paid a fee to keep money safe for those who cannot afford formal savings accounts and for this reason pay a form of negative interest rate for savings.

6 Hawala is an Arabic term for a particular form of informal value transfer.

7 While the plural of chama in Swahili is vyama (see Kinyanjui 2012), I use chamas here as this is the term that I used colloquially in my fieldwork. Chamas can be registered as community-based organisations (CBOs) with the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development by paying a fee and complying with certain requirements such as having a constitution that clearly states the objectives of the group. The aim of the registration is legal recognition which, for instance, allows the group to receive funds from donors, open a bank account or take out loans, for which they are jointly liable (interview with the Kenya National Commission for Gender Equality, Nairobi, Kenya, 10 December 2012).

8 According to Johnson’s (2004) study in Kenya, men tend to control large and periodic incomes while women tend to manage smaller but more frequent amounts of money, and for this reason ROSCAs fit women’s money management needs better. This evidence obviously relies on structural inequalities in access to employment, on the disproportionate responsibility of women for social reproduction work and on gender biases such as the male breadwinner bias. However, although females predominate in ROSCAs, they are also used by men. For a more detailed account of the current use of chamas see FSD Kenya, ‘Kenya Financial Diaries: Shilingi Kwa Shilingi: The Financial Lives of the Poor’, Nairobi: FSD Kenya, August 2014.

9 This point was mentioned in all the focus groups I conducted in Nairobi, and it was presented as the primary purpose of the Kawangware Jitahidi Women Group, Kawangware, Nairobi.

10 Table banking was mentioned to me for the first time during an interview with the Women Enterprise Fund in Nairobi, Kenya, on 30 November 2012.

11 Formal financial services and products are prudentially regulated by an independent statutory government agency such as the Central Bank of Kenya, the Capital Markets Authority,

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